Dr. Souad Maher, the former dean of Cairo University archeologydepartment
using the scientific carbon-testing method to determine that therelics and the Qur'an dated back to the time of the ProphetMohammed(P).
Uthman made four copies to be distributed in the Arab world. Onewas sent to the ruler of Egypt; the other three are believed to be in Iraq, Yemen and Syria.
There has been a polemic going on that the Qur'an does nothave manu************************************s from the first century of hijra. However, this is not true. Many fragments of early Qur'anic manu************************************s were shown by Orientalists notablyNabia Abbott in her work The Rise of the North Arabic ************************************ and its Kur'anicdevelopment, with a full de************************************ion of the Kur'an manu************************************s in the OrientalInstitute (1939, University of Chicago Press). There she discusses some of theQuranic manu************************************s, dated from second half of the first century hijra onwards, at the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. The aim of this page is tohighlight some of the early Qur'anic manu************************************s to refute the claim that theQur'an lacks manu************************************s from the first century of hijra.
مراجع البحث ومصادره:
[1]
Abi al-`Abbas Ahmad al-Qalqashandi, Kitab Subh al-A`sha, 1914, Volume III, Dar al-Kutub al-Khadiwiyyah: Al-Qahirah, p. 15.
[2]
N. Abbott, The Rise Of The North Arabic ************************************ And Its Kur'anic Development, 1939, University of Chicago Press, p. 17.
[3]
S. M. Imamuddin, Arabic Writing AndArab Libraries, 1983, Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.: London, p. 12.
[4]
B. Moritz, "Arabic Writing", Encyclopedia Of Islam (Old Edition), 1913, E. J. BrillPublishers, Leyden & Luzac & Co. London, p. 387.
[5]
A. Siddiqui, TheStory Of Islamic Calligraphy, 1990, Sarita Books: Delhi, p. 9.
[6]
A. Khatibi & M. Sijelmassi, The Splendor Of Islamic Calligraphy, 1994, Thames andHudson, pp. 96-97.
[7]
N. Abbott, The Rise Of The North Arabic ************************************ And ItsKur'anic Development, Op. Cit., p. 17.
[8]
S. Masood, The Bible And TheQur'an: A Question Of Integrity, 2001, OM Publication: Carlisle, UK, p. 19.
[9]
Y. H. Safadi, Islamic Calligraphy, 1979, Shambhala Publications, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), p. 11.
[10]
Ibid., p. 10. See also a similarassertion on p. 42.
[11]
M. Lings, The Quranic Art Of Calligraphy AndIllumination, 1976, World Of Islam Festival Trust, p. 16.
[12]
M. Lings &
Y. H. Safadi, The Qur'an: Catalogue Of An Exhibition Of Quranic Manu************************************s AtThe British Library, 1976
, World of Islam Festival Publishing Company Ltd.: London, p. 12.
[13]
N. Abbott, The Rise Of The North Arabic ************************************ And Its
Kur'anic Development, Op. Cit., p. 21.
[14]
H. Loebenstein, KoranfragmenteAuf Pergament Aus Der
Papyrussammlung Der ÖsterreichischenNationalbibliothek,
************************band, 1982, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek: Wein, pp. 23-43
. This contains the de************************************ion of the manu************************************s, see pp. 36-.
H. Loebenstein, Koranfragmente Auf Pergament Aus Der
Papyrussammlung Der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Tafelband, 1982, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek: Wein, See Tafel 11-19. Thiscontains the pictures of the manu************************************s.
[15]
H. M. El-Hawary, "The MostAncient Islamic Monument Known Dated AH 31 (AD 652) From The Time Of The ThirdCalif `Uthman", Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society, 1930, p. 327.
[16]
N. Abbott, The Rise Of The North Arabic ************************************ And Its Kur'anic Development, Ibid., pp. 18-19.
[17]
A. Welch, Calligraphy In The Arts Of The Muslim World, 1979, University Of Texas Press: Austin, pp. 44-45.
[18]
Y. H. Safadi, IslamicCalligraphy, Op. Cit., p. 11.
[19]
A. Schimmel, Calligraphy And IslamicCulture, 1984, New York University Press: New York & London, p. 4.
[20]
B. Moritz, Arabic Palaeography: A Collection Of Arabic ************************s From The FirstCentury Of The Hidjra Till The Year 1000, 1905, Cairo, See Pl. 1-12.
[21]
T. W. Arnold & A. Grohmann, The Islamic Book: A Contribution To Its Art AndHistory From The VII-XVIII Century, 1929, The Pegasus Press, p. 22.
[22]
M. Jenkins, "A Vocabulary Of Ummayad Ornament", Masahif San`a', 1985, Dar al-Atharal-Islamiyyah, pp. 23.
[23]
A. Grohmann, "The Problem Of Dating EarlyQur'ans", 1958, Der Islam, p. 216.
[24]
Ibid., see foonote 17.
[25]
B. M. Metzger, Manu************************************s Of The Greek Bible: An Introduction To Greek Palaeography, 1981, Oxford University Press, p. 102, No. 26,
[26]
R. Devreesse, Introduction à L'étude Des Manuscrits Grecs, 1954
, Librairie C. Klincksieck: Paris, p. 288.
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